Let’s start out by not talking about Hegel until later.
So Karl Marx had this theory of economic determinism. Like all reductionistic historical models, it attempts to take a single aspect of man and make it the ultimate defining characteristic of H. sapiens. And like all such models, while it gets the big picture utterly wrong, it is disturbingly accurate in observing details.
Marx was partially right about one thing: a society and its members are influenced by their economic system. It’s more complicated, obviously - economics, politics, terrain…they all go into shaping what Tocqueville called “mores.” Every society has mores that are unique to themselves. The English, French, Germans, Italians, Spanish, Americans, Russians, Chinese. Every society. And everyone born into a particular society absorbs those mores from day one.
American mores are, of course, unique to America. Again, if you’re raised here, you’re raised in those mores. You can’t help it. The democratic idea of equality, the Puritanical acquisitiveness of capitalism, the onus of self-determination, of license, and so on - everything that America is gets inculcated, rooted in the subconscious.
Now, just because mores are primal like this doesn’t mean that they’re right. It doesn’t mean that they’re wrong, but it doesn’t dictate that they’re right, either. The problem with mores is that they break down over time, causing an erosion of the psyche of the people and the gradual downfall of a society. The killer is that it’s incredibly hard to do anything about it, because the people imbued with the mores don’t perceive the deterioration.
It all sounds terribly depressing and deterministic, doesn’t it? Well, not to worry. Just because someone has the mores of his society doesn’t mean he can’t recognize that and start to change things. I did, through my education. So did a great many others, the same way. There’s the additional advantage of introducing competing mores, such as might be furnished by a religion. I have that in my favor as well, as does every thinking Catholic that I know. So things aren’t as dark as a deterministic view might suggest.
Now comes Hegel…sort of. In his Philosophy of History, Hegel describes the Egyptian Sphinx - with its human head on a feline body - as an expression of man attempting to emerge from the natural world. It is, as my political science professor used to say, a beautiful image. Wrong, because that was not what the Sphinx was built to symbolize; but still, it is an apt analogy for what I am trying to express in this blog - to whit, how it might be possible to pull oneself out of the morass of degraded mores while bringing along what is good and salvageable.
Not Hegel’s Sphinx. Just words, reason, order. A different Sphinx.